Political Science Reference Guide for Chicago Manual of Style
STYLE
Abbreviations
See 15.45
Use
abbreviations at first occurrence of a term [e.g., fiscal year (FY)]. May use both abbreviation and full term
throughout text.
Prioritize “that
is,” for “i.e.,” and “for example,” for “e.g.,” (always follow with a comma)
(5.202, 6.44)
Spell out full
name at first mention
For most
abbreviations and acronyms, including personal names, omit the periods (e.g.,
IRS, JFK, LBJ, NAACP, NLRB) (8.6, 17.278)
In notes,
Congresses are “Cong.” and congressional sessions are “sess.” (e.g., 93d Cong.,
2d sess.) (17.300)
Electoral
College (not EC)
instant
runoff voting (not IRV)
members
of Congress (not MCs)
DC; Washington,
DC (no periods) (15.29, 17.100)
UN
(no periods) (8.67)
U.S. (8.67,
8.69)
Use postal
abbreviations for states in note and bibliographic references (e.g., New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press) (15.29, 17.100)
Use postal
abbreviations for states of U.S. representatives; use hyphen to separate party and
state (e.g., Barry Goldwater (R-AZ), Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (R-MA) (15.29,
15.31)
Use “Ibid., page
number” when referring to a previous cite not separated by other cited works
(lowercase ibid when not starting the sentence). (16.47, 16.48)
vs.
(v. for court cases)
Use
Republican, not GOP
Space
on each side of equal sign ( =) (See examples, 9.11–9.12, 9.21–9.27, 14.2,
14.14–14.18)
Capitalization
Upper Case
African
American (never hyphenated) (7.90)
Anti-Federalist;
Anti-Federalists (always hyphenate) (7.90, 8.71)
Article
II, Article I, section 2; Article II of the U.S. Constitution; Article II,
section 4 (not italicized) (8.86, 9.32); however, in notes, “U.S. Constitution,
art. I, sec. 10, cl. 3.”
Articles
of Confederation (not italicized) (8.86)
Bill
of Rights (not italicized) (8.86)
Chairman
Rep. Emanuel Celler (D-NY) (8.21, 15.31)
Chief
Justice William H. Rehnquist (8.21)
Chinese
Americans (never hyphenated) (7.90)
the
Cold War
the
College (when used as shorthand for Electoral College, after first and full
mention)
Commander
in Chief
Constitution
(cap. when referring to a country’s constitution, i.e., the U.S. Constitution)
Constitutional
Convention; the Convention
Committee
on the Judiciary; Judiciary Committee (8.67)
Congress;
the United States Congress; U.S. Congress; Congresses; Congress member; the
Ninety-ninth Congress; the 111th Congress; the Eleventh Congressional District
(8.67, 8.55)
Constitution
of the United States; U.S. Constitution; the Constitution (not italicized; may
omit “U.S.” after first use) (8.86)
Declaration
of Independence (not italicized) (8.86)
Delegate
Franklin
Department
of Political Science (8.73)
the
Depression
DC
(Not D.C.), District of Columbia, the District (after first mention)
the East
(8.49)
Elector
Barbara Lett-Simmons of Washington, DC (8.21, 8.25)
Electoral
College; the College (8.67) (always capitalized; not EC)
Electoral
Count Act of 1887 (not italicized) (8.86)
Fedayeen
Federalist;
Federalists (8.71)
the Federalist Paper, No. 51
Free-Soil
Party; Free-Soilers (always hyphenate) (8.71)
General
Assembly of Illinois (8.67)
Governor
Bush (8.21, 8.25)
House;
U.S. House; House of Representatives (8.67)
Inauguration
Day
Internet
(17.234)
Interstate
Compact; Mayflower Compact (not italicized) (8.86) (All capitals at first
mention, thereafter, lowercase and no quotes, e.g., the compact, compact
legislation, interstate compact) (See C & B, 190)
Justice
Antonin Scalia (8.21)
Mayor
Richard M. Daley; Mayor Daley (8.25)
Midwest
(When area is not specifically located on a map) (8.49)
Mountain
zone
Muslim
(Moslem used by journalists, Muslim used by scholars and adherents of Islam)
“National
Popular Vote Interstate Compact” (All capitals and in quotes at first mention,
thereafter, lowercase and no quotes, for instance, the compact, compact
legislation, interstate compact) (8.86)
the
North (8.49)
Northwest;
Northeast (When area is not specifically located on a map) (8.49)
Pacific
(When area is not specifically located on a map) (8.49)
Party
(capitalize after Republican, etc. or in subsequent references to that party)
President
Carter, President Richard M. Nixon (8.21, 8.25) (but do not capitalize
presidency, presidential, election of president)
Prime
Minister Tony Blair, the British Prime Minister (8.21)
Progressive
Era (8.79)
Representative
Emanuel Celler (D-NY) (but representatives) (8.25)
Republican
the
Revolution; Revolutionary War; War of Independence (8.121)
Senate;
United States Senate; U.S. Senate (but senators) (8.67)
Senator
Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (R-MA) (8.25)
September
11 (not 9/11) (8.81)
Social
Security
Solid
South
the
South (8.49)
Speaker
of the House; Speaker
Subcommittee
on the Constitution; Committee on the Election of President, Vice President and
Representatives in Congress (8.67)
Supreme
Court; the Court; United States Supreme Court; U.S. Supreme Court (8.68)
Temporary
Assistance to Needy Families; TANF (not italicized) (8.86)
Title
VII (not italicized) (8.86, 9.32)
Treaty
of Versailles (not italicized) (8.86)
Twelfth
Amendment; Twenty-second Amendment (not italicized) (7.90, 8.86, 9.32,
9.50–9.53)
United
Nations; UN (8.67)
United
States; U.S. (United States as noun) (8.67, 8.69)
U.S.
(U.S. as adjective) (8.67, 8.69)
Vice
President Gore
Vietnam
War (8.121)
Voting
Rights Act of 1965; the Voting Rights Act (not italicized) (8.86)
War
on Poverty
Washington,
DC
Web
site; Web page; Web-related (7.90)
the
West (8.49)
Western
(when used politically)
World
War II (never hyphenated, not italicized) (7.90)
Lower Case
administration;
Carter administration (8.25)
a
priori (not italicized) (7.54)
assembly;
the assembly; the state assembly; the lower house of the legislature (8.67)
chair;
chairman; chairmen; Emanuel Celler (D-NY), chair of the Judiciary Committee
(8.25)
chief
justice; chief justice of the United States; William H. Rehnquist, chief
justice of the United States (8.25)
city
hall; the city council (8.67, 8.70)
civil
rights movement (8.81)
clause;
compact clause; due process clause (8.86)
coattails
commissioner,
commissioners (8.21)
committee;
the committee (8.67)
compact;
the compact (8.86)
congressional;
congressional members; members of Congress (Do not use “congressman” or
“congressmen” (8.67)
congressional
district (but not Fifth Congressional District) (8.55)
congressional
member, member of Congress (Do not
use “Congressman” or “Congressmen”)
coup
d’état (not italicized) (7.62)
de
jure (roman, not italics)
détente
due
process clause (8.86)
eastern
Republicans
easterner
(8.49, 8.50)
elector,
electors (8.25)
e-mail
(not capitalized, always hyphenated) (7.90,
p. 305)
en
masse
equal
rights amendment; ERA (not italicized) (8.86)
executive
branch (8.70)
faithless
elector; the faithless elector of 2000, Barbara Lett-Simmons (8.25)
federal;
federal government (8.70)
federalism
(8.70, 8.71)
forgo
founder;
founders (8.72)
founding;
the founding; the founding period (8.78, 8.81)
framer;
framers (8.72)
glasnost
(means openness, publicity)
governor,
the governor, governor of New York; George Bush, governor of Texas; governors
(8.21, 8.25)
grassroots
(adjective); grass roots (noun)
historian
Smith
impeachment
(8.86)
information
age (8.80)
instant runoff voting (not IRV)
interstate
(no hyphenation) (7.90)
intrastate
(no hyphenation) (7.90)
in
toto
judicial
branch (8.70)
justice;
justice of the United States; Antonin Scalia, justice of the United States
Supreme Court (8.25)
laissez-faire
large-state
votes / large-state representatives / large-state senators (hyphenate as
adjective) (7.90)
left
/ right (do not cap for political usage)
legislative
branch (8.70)
legislature;
the Illinois legislature (8.67)
liberal
(do not cap political title)
mayor;
Richard M. Daley, the mayor of Chicago (8.25)
member
of Congress, congressional member (Do not
use “Congressman,” “Congressmen,’ or MC)
member
of Parliament (8.25)
midcentury
(no hyphenation) (7.90)
mid-twentieth
century (always spell out; hyphenate as adjective: mid-twentieth-century
proposals) (7.90, 8.77)
mid-1900s,
mid-nineteen hundreds (7.90, 9.37)
midwestern
Republicans; midwestern states (8.49, 8.50)
northeast
(lowercase when direction) (7.90, 8.49, 8.50)
northeasterner;
northerner; northwestern (8.49, 8.50)
north–south
alliance
nineties,
1990s (no apostrophe) (9.37)
perestroika
(restructuring, reorganization)
political
science (8.91)
political
scientist Mayhew
politics
(treat as singular, that is, “politics develops” not “politics develop”)
president;
the president; president of the United States, presidency; presidential
election; president-elect (7.90, 8.21, 8.25)
prime
facie
prime
minister; Tony Blair, the British Prime Minister (8.25)
realist
(school of IR theory)
republicanism
(8.71)
representative,
the representative from New York; Emanuel Celler, representative from New
York (8.25)
right
wing (not hyphenated; noun)
section
2 of Article I of the Constitution; Article II, section 4 (not italicized)
(8.86, 9.32)
senator;
the senator from Massachusetts; Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., senator from
Massachusetts (8.25)
short-lived
(always hyphenate)
small-state
votes / small-state representatives / small-state senators (hyphenate as
adjective) (7.90)
southerner
(8.49, 8.50)
southern
Democrats; southern states
southwest
(lowercase when direction) (7.90, 302; 8.49, 8.50)
state;
state authority (8.70)
state-by-state
(always hyphenate) (8.70)
state-level
effort (hyphenate as adjective)
state
senate; the upper house of the legislature (8.67)
status
quo
twentieth
century (always spell out; hyphenate as adjective: twentieth-century proposals)
(7.90, 8.77)
twenty-first
century (always spell out; hyphenate as adjective: twenty-first-century
proposals) (7.90, 8.77, 9.36)
two-thirds
majority (always hyphenate) (7.90)
vice
president; the vice president; vice president of the United States (8.21, 8.25)
(lowercase when referring to office, cap when referring to person)
vote-getters
war
making (noun) / war-making (adjective)
well-known
(always hyphenate)
western
(when used geographically)
western
Republicans
western
states
winner-take-all
(always hyphenate) (7.90)
worldwide
Court Cases and Decisions
Italicize case
name, including the “v.”; do not
italicize the volume publication details or year (17.283)
Omit periods
from abbreviated names (e.g., NLRB, RAV) (17.278)
Place full
citation, which includes the publication information and date, in notes
(17.283)
Not needed in
bibliography (17.283)
Omit publication
information when mentioning case in-text (e.g., Williams v. Virginia State Board of Elections (1968); Williams v. Virginia State Board of
Elections; Delaware v. New York)
N: Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98 (2000)
N: Reynolds
v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964)
N: United States v. Dennis, 183 F. 201 (2d
Cir. 1950)
N: United States v.
Patterson, 55 F. 605 (1893).
N: Williams v. Virginia State Board of
Elections, 288 F. Supp. 622 (E.D. Va., 1968)
Dates
See Chicago 5.79, 6.46, 9.33
Month Day, Year
is preferred (e.g. March 31, 2009; March 2009) (Use throughout text, notes, and
bibliographic entries) (6.46)
midcentury
(no hyphenation) (7.90)
mid-twentieth
century (always spell out; hyphenate as adjective: mid-twentieth-century
proposals) (7.90, 8.77)
mid-1900s,
mid-nineteen hundreds (7.90, 9.37)
nineties,
1990s (no apostrophe) (9.37)
twentieth
century (always spell out; hyphenate as adjective: twentieth-century proposals)
(7.90, 8.77)
twenty-first
century (always spell out; hyphenate as adjective: twenty-first-century
proposals) (7.90, 8.77, 9.36)
Don’t use
ordinals for dates (e.g., use December 5 not December 5th) (9.35)
Hyphenation
See Chicago, 5.92–5.93, 6.80–6.82,
7.33–7.45, 7.90, 8.169, 8.170
Note differences
and different uses among hyphen, en dash, em dash (6.80–6.96)
For members of
Congress, use single-letter party and two-letter postal state abbreviations,
hyphenation between party and state designations, closed up, [e.g., Emanuel
Celler (D-NY)] (do not use en or em dash) (15.29, 15.31)
Hyphenate
compounds when used as adjective, but not when used as noun (e.g., agenda-setting
committee, small-state votes)
Hyphenate
compounds beginning with anti- if second element is capitalized (e.g.,
Anti-Federalists)
Don’t hyphenate
most words beginning with “co” “non” “re” “pre” (but hyphenate most “post-”
words) (7.90, 307–9; see 16.83)
African American
(not hyphenated; noun & adjective) (7.90)
agenda setting
(not hyphenated; noun)
agenda-setting
meeting (adjective)
Anti-Federalist;
Anti-Federalists (always hyphenate, always capitalized) (7.90, 8.71)
battleground
states (not hyphenated)
bill text (not
hyphenated)
built-in
city-state
(7.90, p. 303)
coauthor (7.90,
307–9; see 16.83)
cooperation
(7.90, 307–9; see 16.83)
coordinate
(7.90, 307–9; see 16.83)
Commander in
Chief (not hyphenated)
cutoff (not hyphenated)
decision makers (not
hyphenated; noun)
decision making
(noun)
decision-making
(adjective) (7.90, p. 303)
direct
election plan
(not hyphenated)
districtwide
double-ballot
majority system
electoral vote
winner (not hyphenated)
electoral vote
plan (not hyphenated)
e-mail (not
capitalized, always hyphenated) (7.90,
p. 305)
end-run
extra-constitutional
face-off
(hyphenated)
first-past-the-post
first round
(noun)
first-place
votes (hyphenated)
first-round
election (adjective)
first-round
plurality winner
follow-up (both
noun and adjective)
forgo (not
hyphenated)
four-year
term (always hyphenate)
fringe-party
candidate (not hyphenated)
frontrunner
Free-Soil
Party; Free-Soilers (always hyphenate) (8.71)
frontrunner
grassroots (not
hyphenated; adjective)
grass roots (not
hyphenated; noun)
home rule
(noun), home-rule governance (adjective) (7.90, p. 303)
interstate
(not hyphenated) (7.90)
intrastate
(not hyphenated) (7.90)
interfaith
(7.90, p. 307)
interorganizational
(7.90, p. 307)
interparty
intra-arterial
(7.90, p. 307)
intrazonal
(7.90, p. 307)
instant runoff
voting (not IRV) (not hyphenated)
laissez-faire
large
state
large-state
votes / representatives (hyphenated as adjective) (7.90)
lawmaker,
lawmaking
least favored
state; nation (not hyphenated) (7.90, 302)
long-run
(dictionary)
long-term
low-income
(adjective)
make-up
of the Senate
major-party
candidate
majority
vote winner (not hyphenated)
midcentury
(no hyphenation) (7.90)
middle-class
family
middle-sized
states (not mid-size) (dictionary)
mid-January
mid-twentieth
century (always spell out; hyphenate as adjective: mid-twentieth-century
proposals) (7.90, 8.77)
mid-1900s,
mid-nineteen hundreds (7.90, 9.37)
midterm
elections (dictionary)
midwestern
states
minority vote
winner; minority vote plan (not hyphenated)
minor-party
candidate
most favored
state; nation (not hyphenated) (7.90, 302)
multi-candidate
race
national
electoral vote (not hyphenated; noun and adjective)
national popular
vote (not hyphenated; noun and adjective)
nationwide
near-majority
near-misses
nonconstitutional,
nonparticipation, nonreelection, noncompetitive, nonvoters, nonpartisan,
nonideological
one-person,
one-vote (hyphenate as adjective)
ongoing
payoff
peacekeeping
(not hyphenated; noun and adjective)
policymaker (not
hyphenated) (7.90, p. 303)
policymaking
(not hyphenated) (7.90, p. 303)
popular
plurality (not hyphenated)
popular vote
winner (not hyphenated)
popular vote
plan (not hyphenated)
popular vote
system (not hyphenated)
post-Cold War, post-election,
post-reform, post-totalitarian, post-war
pre-2000
preelection,
preexisting, predate
rank-order
reelection
right wing (not
hyphenated; noun)
right-wing
(adjective)
rollback (not
hyphenated; noun)
roll back (not
hyphenated; verb)
rulemaking (not
hyphenated; noun and adjective)
runner-up (7.90,
304; dictionary)
runningmate
runoff (not
hyphenated) (7.90)
run
up
second-place
vote
second
round (not hyphenated as noun)
second-round
runoff
separation
of powers (not hyphenated)
short-term
six-year
term (always hyphenate)
small
state
small-state
votes; small-state representatives (hyphenate as adjective) (7.90, 302)
small-state
senators (hyphenate as adjective) (7.90, 302)
southern states
speechmaking
(not hyphenated; noun and adjective)
spin-off
state-by-state
(always hyphenate) (8.70)
statewide
(not hyphenated)
straightforward
(not hyphenated)
socioeconomic
superpower
supra-majorities
top-ranked candidates
thereafter (not
hyphenated)
third-party
candidate (always hyphenate)
three-fourths of
state legislatures
tradeoff
(noun or adjective)
(7.90, 304; dict, 150)
turnout
(not
hyphenated)
two-party
system (always
hyphenate)
two-round
majority system
two-term
presidency
two-thirds
majority
two-year
term (always hyphenate)
twenty-first
century (always spell out; hyphenate as adjective: twenty-first-century
proposals, twenty-first-century reform movements) (7.90, 8.77, 9.36)
two-thirds
majority (always hyphenate) (7.90)
under-representation
vice-presidential
candidate
vis-à-vis
vote-getter,
vote-getters
vote share (not
hyphenated)
war making (not
hyphenated; noun)
war-making
(adjective)
Web
site; Web page; Web-related (7.90)
widespread
winner-take-all
(always hyphenate) (7.90)
World
War II (never hyphenated, not italicized) (7.90)
worldwide (not
hyphenated)
Names and Titles
Use the full
name of an individual at first mentioning (8.21)
Capitalize a
title when immediately preceding a specific personal name (e.g. President Bush)
(8.21)
Lowercase a
title when referring to the office itself or when following a name (e.g., the
presidency of George W. Bush; George W. Bush did not prioritize electoral
reform as president) (8.21)
It is not
necessary to repeat the title after its initial use (8.21)
Use spaces in
between initials in personal names (e.g., E. E. Schattschneider, W. E. B.
DuBois) (8.6, 8.7)
Omit periods
when initials are used alone (e.g., LBJ, JFK) (8.6)
Omit Mr. Mrs.
Dr. (15.20)
For members of
Congress, use single-letter party and two-letter postal state abbreviations,
hyphenation between party and state designations, closed up, [e.g., Rep.
Emanuel Celler (D-NY)] (do not use en or em dash) (15.29, 15.31)
May use “Rep.”
and “Sen.” (except if “the” precedes title; e.g., “the Honorable …”) (8.25,
15.13, 15.18)
No commas
surround suffixes Jr., II, III, 2d, 4th; including in note references (6.49,
9.47, 15.19) (except in Bibliography and Index; e.g., Strunk, William, Jr., and
E. B. White. … (17.79 18.41)
Possessives (5.25,
7.17–7.30)
|
Adams’s citizens’ votes Congress’s Kansas’s Marx’s theory politics’ true
meaning |
senators’ votes the Lincolns’ house United States’ the United States’
presence William’s |
Punctuation and
Grammar
No
one-sentence paragraphs
Include comma
before the final “and” or “or” in lists
Use
quotation marks to emphasize special meaning, or new words only at first use.
Extensive
use of quotation marks should be eliminated.
Hyphenation
Do not hyphenate terms that connote
ethnic or national affiliation (e.g. Asian American).
May hyphenate if second word starts with
same letter (anti-inflationary) or hyphen aids in comprehension, but not if
word is not hyphenated in Webster’s (e.g. reelect).
Hyphenate constructions such as
“then-Turkish Prime Minister Turgut Özal.”
Technical
jargon (e.g. factor loading, regression) should be defined and used limitedly.
Colloquial
language can generally remain.
Keep
contractions to a minimum (e.g., “can’t,” wouldn’t,” etc.).
Word Usage
See
Chicago 5.202
and – It is fine
to begin a sentence with the conjunction “and” (5.202, p. 200).
and/or – Avoid
usage; instead try “____ or ___ or both” (5.202, p. 200)
but – It is fine to begin a sentence with the
conjunction “but” (5.202, p. 204).
etc. – Never use
in reference to people; only use when list is truly inexhaustible; do not use
“and, etc.”; do not use at end of list that begins with “for example,” or
“e.g.,” (5.202, p. 214).
e.g.; i.e. –
Prioritize “that is,” for “i.e.,” and “for example,” for “e.g.,” (always follow
with a comma) (5.202, p. 218; also see 6.44)
its; it’s –
“Its” is possessive; “it’s” is contraction of “it is” (5.202, p. 220).
may; might –
“May” expresses what is possible, factual; “might” suggest something that is
uncertain, hypothetical (5.202, p. 221).
on; upon –
Prioritize “on” to “upon” (Place the book on the shelf.”); use “upon” when
introducing an event or condition (“You will get paid upon completion of the
job.”) (5.202, p. 223).
SOURCES
Citation of
Source
Place references
to sources used in paper in notes, preferably footnotes (16.3)
Place all works
that you used as sources as well as other works that you recommend to the
reader in the Bibliography
Prefer notes to
in-text citations (16.3)
Use endnotes or
footnotes, preferably the latter (never use both in the same paper)
Use Microsoft©
Word’s insert note function
Do not use Microsoft© Word’s
bibliography function
Do not insert a note at the end of the
title or any heading (16.32)
Insert note
numbers only at the end of sentences (16.30)
In-text note
numbers are superscript (16.25)
Notes may be
smaller font size than text
In notes,
numbers are normal sized, not superscript (16.25)
No period after
note number in notes
For initial
citation in notes, provide full information in notes (16.3) (see examples
below)
For subsequent
citation, use author last name, title of work (may be shortened), page
number(s) if any (16.41–16.45)
For a note
reference, separate elements with commas; for bibliography, separate elements
with periods (16.15)
For note
citations with two or more authors, list alphabetically and do not separate
names with commas. However, use commas between names for bibliographic entries
(16.11).
Use “headline”
capitalization for titles (8.167, 16.17)
Do not use pages, p., or pp. in notes;
numbers alone are sufficient (16.10, 16.13, 17.133, 17.168)
If referencing a
note, use the abbreviation “n.” (e.g., “See chap. 1, n. 4.”) (16.43)
Use “ed.” when
referring to edition or editor, “rev. ed.” for revised edition; place any
number of “vols.” after edition information (17.79)
Use “chap.” when
referring to entire chapter and “vol.” “vols.” for volume(s) (16.13, 17.79,
17.83–89, 17.132, 17.134)
Always give
volume numbers in Arabic (e.g., vol. 5), even if in Roman (e.g., vol. V) in
original (17.83); unless it is part of original title, e.g., Congress and the Nation Volume III
For ordinals in
note references for editions, use 2d ed., 3d ed., 4th ed. (17.79)
Inclusive page
ranges are abbreviated when 101–199, 201–299, etc., but not 1–99 or when
starting with multiples of 100 (e.g., 96–117, 100–106, 100–145, 1100–1113,
101–8, 1103–4, 153–67, 321–28, 1496–1506) (see Chicago, 9.64, 17.129–131, 17.168)
No “and” between
separate page ranges
For notes,
unless referring to an entire book or article, provide specific page number(s)
of information cited (when referring to an entire article, include inclusive
page range); for bibliography, provide inclusive page ranges for articles, but
not for books (16.13, 17.68, 17.69).
Use two-letter
postal abbreviations for publication information (17.100)
Retain “Books”
and “Press” if part of publisher’s formal name (17.100, 17.104)
Omit
“Publishing” and “Publisher” (17.104)
Omit “The” if
part of publisher’s formal name (17.104)
Omit “Co.,”
“Inc.,” “Ltd.,” “Corp.” (17.104)
Use ampersand
(&) in publisher’s title (17.106)
Use “Cited by …”
(not “Quoted by …”)
When deemed
necessary, use “See …” or “See, for example, …” “For further information, see…”
“Also see …” (16.58)
For
bibliography, do not use tabs for indentation; instead, use “hanging
indentation” under the “paragraph” function
For publisher
names with a “/” put a space on both sides of the backslash (17.110–11)
For older
publications date, in notes, put before publisher city within the parentheses
(1985; Chicago: …); in bibliography,
put before publisher city preceded and followed by periods (17.123–27) (See
MacBride sample citation below)
Citations,
Previous
For note
references to a work you have already cited and separated by citations to other
works, use “last name of author, short title, and page number (no page number(s)
if referring to entire book)” (16.41–16.45)
Use “Ibid., page
number” when reefing to previous cite not separated by other cited works.
(16.47, 16.48)
Use “See note 4
above.” sparingly, namely if referring to specific content within a previous
note, not only previously cited works (16.33)
Do not use
“idem,” “id.,” “op. cit.,” or “loc. cit.” (16.49, 16.50)
N: Edwards, Why the Electoral College is Bad for America,
127.
N: Sharpe, “Post
Vietnam,” 546.
N: Ibid., 550.
N: Koza et al., Every Vote Equal, 36. (16.44)
Citations,
Multiple
For multiple
citations within one note, separate with semicolons and list according to text
material; precede last source with “and” (16.37, 16.51)
Citations with Commentary and Quotations
See Chicago 16.52–56
For quotes
within notes, source generally follows after terminal punctuation (16.53);
e.g., Roger Sherman desired appointment of the president by Congress, “making
him absolutely dependent on that body, as it was the will of that which was to
be executed.” Kurland and Lerner, Founders’
Constitution, 536.
e.g., This is a play on Hamilton’s
discussion of the Electoral College in “Federalist Paper, No. 68,” in The Federalist, ed. Henry Cabot Lodge,
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1888), 423–24. The fuller quote will be
examined below.
Brief
parenthetical page references are appropriate in reference to previous full
citations (16.54). e.g., Hardaway notably quotes James Madison recounting that
the “little states insisted on retaining their equality in both branches,” strongly
implying the influence of federalism in the creation of the Electoral College
(84).
Quotations
Do not start a
quoted sentence with a capital letter when the quote is part of your own
sentence (11.16)
Indicate a change
in original capitalization with brackets (11.19, 11.63)
Must be exact
reproduction of original, including punctuation, spelling, and symbols
Quotations of
less than fifty words or four lines are in text with quotes
Quotations with
more than fifty words or four lines are set as a separate (indented) paragraph
without quotes
[sic] – italicize (6.78, 7.56, 11.69)
Space on each
side of ellipses “ … ” (11.57)
No ellipse
before or after a quote (11.51, 11.65)
Comma or other
punctuation in original may precede or follow ellipse “, … ” (11.51, 11.58)
SAMPLE CITATIONS (N: Notes; B:
Bibliography)
No author
Use article or book title when no author
is given (17.32, 17.154)
For
web citations, use corporate author (17.237)
Three or more
authors
In
note, list first author followed by et al. with no intervening comma (include
the period after et al) (17.29, 17.279)
In
bibliography, list all authors
N: John R. Koza
et al., Every Vote Equal: A State-Based
Plan for Electing the President by National Popular Vote (Los Altos, CA:
National Popular Vote Press, 2006).
N (subsequent):
Koza et al., Every Vote Equal, 36.
(16.44)
B: Koza, John
R., Barry Fadem, Mark Grueskin, Michael S. Mandell, Robert Richie, and Joseph
F. Zimmerman. Every Vote Equal: A
State-Based Plan for Electing the President by National Popular Vote. Los
Altos, CA: National Popular Vote Press, 2006.
Books
See Chicago,
16.10
No page numbers
when referring to entire book (16.13)
Use “chap.” when
referring to entire chapter and “vol.” for volume (16.13, 17.132, 17.134)
For ordinals in
note references for editions, use 2d ed., 3d ed., 4th ed., and rev. ed. (17.79)
Place year at
the very end of bibliography citation
In bibliography,
period before and after 2d ed. 4th ed. (see 17.27, 17.79)
For older
publications date, in notes, put before publisher city within the parentheses
(1985; Chicago: …); in bibliography,
put before publisher city preceded and followed by periods (17.123–27) (See
MacBride sample citation below)
Use
“eds.” only if starting cite with two or more editors (17.88)
N: Robert W.
Bennett, Taming the Electoral College
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,
2006), 163.
B: Bennett,
Robert W. Taming the Electoral College.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,
2006.
N: V. O. Key
Jr., Politics, Parties, & Pressure
Groups, 5th ed. (New York: Thomas W. Cromwell, 1964).
B: Key, V. O.,
Jr. Politics, Parties, & Pressure
Groups. 5th ed. New York: Thomas W. Cromwell, 1964.
N: Richmond Lattimore,
trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), 91–92.
B: Lattimore,
Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1951.
N: Lawrence D.
Longley and Alan G. Braun, The Politics
of Electoral College Reform (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1972),
132.
B: Longley,
Lawrence D., and Alan G. Braun. The
Politics of Electoral College Reform New Haven, CT: Yale University Press,
1972.
N: Roger Lea
MacBride, The American Electoral College
(1953; Calwell, ID: Caxton Printers, 1963), 32–33.
B: MacBride,
Roger Lea. The American Electoral College.
1953. Calwell, ID: Caxton Printers, 1963.
N: David R.
Mayhew, Electoral Realignments: A
Critique of an American Genre (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002),
chap. 4.
B: Mayhew, David
R. Electoral Realignments: A Critique of
an American Genre. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.
N: Paul D.
Schumaker and Burdett A. Loomis, eds., Choosing
a President: The Electoral College and Beyond (New York: Chatham House,
2002).
B: Schumaker,
Paul D., and Burdett A. Loomis, eds. Choosing
a President: The Electoral College and Beyond. New York: Chatham House,
2002.
Books, Reference
No
entry or article titles (makes subsequent citations difficult to lineup
otherwise) 17.238
(17.85
re: vol.; 17.238)
N: Congressional
Quarterly Almanac 1950, vol. 6 (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly,
1950), 560–61;
N (subsequent): Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1950,
560–61.
B: Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1950,
vol. 6. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1950.
N: Congress
and the Nation 1945–1964 (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1973),
1522–23, 51a.
N (subsequent): Congress
and the Nation 1945–1964, 1522–23,
54a–55a.
B: Congress and the Nation 1945–1964. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1973.
N: Congress
and the Nation Volume XI 2001–2004 (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2006), 1002.
B: Congress and the Nation Volume XI 2001–2004.
Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2006.
N: Duane Nystrom, ed., Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 1774–1989
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989).
B: Nystrom,
Duane ed. Biographical Directory of the
United States Congress 1774–1989. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1989.
N: Library of Congress, Digest of Public General Bills and Resolutions (Washington, DC:
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1936–1986).
B:
Library of Congress. Digest of Public
General Bills and Resolutions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office,
1936–1986.
Chapter in
Multiauthor (Edited) Book
In notes, for
chapter from an edited book, place elements in this order: author, chapter
title in quotes, “in,” book title in italics, “ed.” editor’s name, publication
information and date in parentheses, and page range (if available) (the book
title always comes before editor) (17.68)
No comma after
“in” (17.68)
Use “ed.”
(17.68, 17.79)
Do use “edited
by” (17.68)
In notes, comma between editor name and 3d ed.,
rev. ed., vol. 2., Norton Critical Editions., Bollingen Series. (17.31, 17.79,
17.84, 17.85, 17.123, 17.129)
In bibliography,
period between editor name and 2d
ed., Rev. ed., Vol. 1., 3d ed. 2 vols., (17.27, 17.79, 17.84, 17.86, 17.110)
No need for page
range numbers of a book chapter in notes or bibliography (17.135); but they are
usually given in bibliography; in bibliography, inclusive page range comes
after editor name and a comma, followed by a period, and before publisher city
(17.69, 17.135)
For Notes, do
not put in chapter page range.
If available;
“vol. 2, chap. 6.” (17.87, 17.129)
N:
Gary E. Bugh, “The Challenge of Contemporary Electoral College Reform,” in Electoral College Reform: Challenges and
Possibilities, ed. Gary Bugh. (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishers, 2010).
N (subsequent): Bugh,
“The Challenge of Contemporary Electoral College Reform.”
N (different chapter in same previously
cited book): Burdett A. Loomis, “Pipe Dream or Possibility?
Amending the U.S. Constitution to Achieve Electoral Reform,” in Bugh, Electoral College Reform, 223–34.
B:
Bugh, Gary E. “The Challenge of Contemporary Electoral College Reform.” In Electoral College Reform: Challenges and
Possibilities, ed. Gary Bugh, 77–93. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishers,
2010.
N: Michael Gallagher and Paul Mitchell, “Introduction to
Electoral Systems,” in The Politics of
Electoral Systems, ed. Michael Gallagher and Paul Mitchell (New York:
Oxford University, 2008).
B: Gallagher, Michael, and Paul Mitchell. “Introduction to Electoral
Systems.” In The Politics of Electoral
Systems, ed. Michael Gallagher and Paul Mitchell, 1–23. New York: Oxford
University, 2008.
N: Benjamin
Ginsberg, “Money and Power: The New Political Economy of American Elections,”
in The Political Economy, ed. Thomas
Ferguson and Joel Rogers (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1984).
B: Ginsberg,
Benjamin. “Money and Power: The New Political Economy of American Elections.”
In The Political Economy, ed. Thomas
Ferguson and Joel Rogers, 163–79. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1984.
Congressional
Committee Hearings and Reports
16.105
(620), 17.293, 17.306–17.308
Omit
“U.S. Congress” (17.302, 17.303)
N: Senate Committee of the Judiciary, Subcommittee
on Constitutional Amendments, Election of
President and Vice President, 81st Cong., 1st sess., February 23, March 9,
April 14 and 21, May 3, 1949, 3.
B: Senate.
Committee of the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments. Election of President and Vice President.
81st Cong., 1st sess., February 23, March 9, April 14 and 21, May 3, 1949.
N: Senate Committee of the Judiciary, Subcommittee
on Constitutional Amendments, Electing
the President, 91st Cong., 1st sess., January 23 and 24, March 10–13,
20–21, April 30, and May 1 and 2, 1969, 5, 236, 247.
N (subsequent):
Senate, Electing the President, 233.
B: Senate.
Committee of the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments. Electing the President. 91st Cong., 1st
sess., January 23 and 24, March 10–13, 20–21, April 30, and May 1 and 2, 1969.
N: Senate Committee of the Judiciary, Direct Popular Election of the President:
Report together with Individual, Separate and Minority Views, No. 91-1123,
91st Cong., 2d sess., August 14, 1970, 9, 11.
B:
Senate. Committee of the Judiciary. Direct
Popular Election of the President: Report together with Individual, Separate
and Minority Views, No. 91-1123. 91st Cong., 2d sess., August 14, 1970.
Congressional
Records
Congressional
Record (17.302–03, 17.309)
Reference
permanent edition if possible (17.302)
Use
comma before page
Omit
“U.S. Congress” (17.302, 17.303)
For specific page or page range:
N: Congressional Record,
78th Cong., 1st Sess. (1943), 3353.
B:
Congressional Record. 78th Cong., 1st Sess. 1943. Washington, DC.
N: Annals of Congress, 13th Cong., 1st
sess. (1814), 832.
B:
Annals of Congress, 13th Cong., 1st
sess. 1814. Washington, DC.
For
range of years:
N: Annals of Congress, 1st Cong., 1st
sess.–18th Cong., 1st sess. (1789–1824).
B: Annals of Congress. 42 vols.
Washington, DC, 1834–1873.
N: Register of Debates, 18th
Cong., 2d sess.–25th Cong., 1st sess. (1824–1837).
B: Register
of Debates. Washington, DC, 1824–1837.
N: Congressional Globe, 23d Cong., 1st
sess.–42d Cong., 3d sess. (1833–1873).
B: Congressional Globe. 46 vols.
Washington, DC, 1834–1873.
N: Congressional Record, 43d Cong., 1st
sess.–110th Cong., 2d Sess. (1873–2008).
B: Congressional Record. 1873–2008.
Washington, DC.
Federalist Papers
In
text: As Alexander Hamilton observed in The Federalist Papers,…
N:
Alexander Hamilton, “Federalist, No 68,” in The
Federalist, ed. George W. Carey and James McClellan (Indianapolis, IN:
Liberty Fund, 2001), 351–52.
B:
Carey, George, and James McClellan, eds. The Federalist. Indianapolis,
IN: Liberty Fund, 2001.
N:
Alexander Hamilton, “Federalist Paper No. 68,” in The Federalist Papers: Hamilton, Madison, Jay, ed. Clinton Rossiter
(New York: Mentor, 1961), 412.
N
(subsequent): Hamilton, “Federalist
Paper, No. 68,” in Rossiter, Federalist
Papers, 412.
B:
Rossiter, Clinton, ed. The Federalist
Papers: Hamilton, Madison, Jay. New York: Mentor, 1961.
Notes
with text:
N:
Madison made this argument most famously in Federalist Paper, No. 10. See The
Federalist, ed. George
Carey and James McClellan (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2001), 43–48.
N:
The framers mentioned a few interesting points in this regard. In Federalist
Paper, No. 50, James
Madison suggested that if popular elections were used to choose the president,
“The executive power might be in the hands of a peculiar favorite of the
people.” In Federalist Paper, No.
64, John Jay suggests that average voters would be “liable to be deceived by
those brilliant appearances of genius and patriotism which, like transient
meteors, sometimes mislead as well as dazzle.”
Journal Articles
See Chicago,
16.10, 17.154–179
Journal
articles, versus magazine articles, are available mainly by subscription and
cited by volume and date (17.150)
Include the
volume number (month or season, and year) (17. 161)
Use issue number
or month or both (17.161)
Must have:
(year) in parentheses (17.161)
For notes,
include specific page of references information if necessary, otherwise,
provide complete page range of the article; for bibliographic references,
provide entire page range.
No author: begin
with title (17.154, 17.32)
Subsequent
references, same chapter: Last name, shortened title, page # (17.179)
N: James C. Garand and T. Wayne Parent,
“Representation, Swing, and Bias in U.S. Presidential Elections, 1872–1988,” American
Journal of Political Science 35, no. 4 (November 1991): 1011–31.
B: Garand, James C., and T. Wayne
Parent. “Representation, Swing, and Bias in U.S. Presidential Elections,
1872–1988.” American Journal of Political Science 35, no. 4 (November
1991), 1011–31.
N: Scott
C. James, “Building a Democratic Majority: The Progressive Vote and the Federal
Trade Commission,” Studies in American
Political Development 9 (1995): 331–85.
B: James, Scott C. “Building a Democratic Majority: The
Progressive Vote and the Federal Trade Commission.” Studies in American Political Development 9 (1995): 331–85.
N: Kenneth E.
Sharpe, “The Post-Vietnam Formula under Siege: The Imperial Presidency and
Central America,” Political Science
Quarterly 102, no. 4 (Winter 1987–1988): 549–69.
B: Sharpe,
Kenneth E. “The Post-Vietnam Formula under Siege: The Imperial Presidency and
Central America.” Political Science
Quarterly 102, no. 4 (Winter 1987–1988): 549–69.
N:
James W. Ceaser, “The Presidential Nomination Mess,” Claremont Review of Books 8, no. 4 (Fall 2008): 21–25,
http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.1571/article_detail.asp.
B: Ceaser, James
W. “The Presidential Nomination Mess.” Claremont
Review of Books 8, no. 4 (Fall 2008): 21–25.
http://www.claremont.org/publications/crb/id.1571/article_detail.asp.
Magazine
Articles
17.150, 17.151,
17.182–17.187
Magazine
articles, versus journal articles, are weekly or monthly, available by
subscription or newsstand, more accessible general reader (17.150)
Cited by date
alone (no volume) (17.150)
No comma between
month and year (17.183, 17.185, 17.192)
Date is not in
parentheses (17.166, 17.183)
When in doubt,
use journal citation format (17.151)
Specific page number may be used in note
(17.183).
No inclusive page numbers needed for bibliography
citations since material in magazine may be separated by other material
(17.183).
No author: begin
with title (17.154, 17.32)
Comma after magazine title in both notes
and bibliography
Subsequent
references, same chapter: Last name, shortened title, page # (17.179)
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report: CQ Log for Editors (Congressional Quarterly), 1947 (v. 1) – 1950 (v. 8); CQ Weekly Report, 1951 (v. 9) – 1955 (v.
13); Congressional Quarterly Weekly
Report, 1956 (v. 14, n. 1) – 1997 (v. 55); CQ Weekly, 1998 (v. 56) – present.
N: “Electoral
College: Anachronism or Bulwark of Democracy?” Congressional Digest, January 2001, 1.
B: “Electoral
College: Anachronism or Bulwark of Democracy?” Congressional Digest, January 2001.
N: Ben Wildavsky, “School of Hard
Knocks: The Electoral College: An Anachronism or Protector of Small States,” U.S.
News & World Report, November
20, 2000, 52,
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/001120/archive_009647.htm.
B: Wildavsky,
Ben. “School of Hard Knocks: The Electoral College: An Anachronism or Protector
of Small States.” U.S. News & World Report, November 20, 2000.
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/001120/archive_009647.htm.
N:
“Electoral College Reform,” Congressional
Quarterly Weekly Report, January 31, 1969, 184.
B:
“Electoral College Reform.” Congressional
Quarterly Weekly Report, January 31, 1969.
N: Garrett Epps,
“The Founders’ Great Mistake,” The
Atlantic, January–February 2009, 68–73,
http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200901/founders-mistake.
B: Epps,
Garrett. “The Founders’ Great Mistake.” The
Atlantic, January–February 2009.
http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200901/founders-mistake.
N: “House Votes
for Direct Election of President,” Congressional
Quarterly Weekly Report, September 19,
1969, 1715.
B: “House
Votes for Direct Election of President.” Congressional
Quarterly Weekly Report, September 19,
1969.
Newspaper
Articles & Editorials
Author name if
available (17.188)
If no author
name, use newspaper or corporate author (17.192)
No page numbers
(17.188)
Need month day,
year (17.188), but, If there is no day, then no comma between month and year,
(17.183, 17.185, 17.192)
Add URL if
available (17.198)
Not needed in
bibliography
Subsequent citation in same chapter:
author, short title
N: Associated
Press, “Hillary Calls for End to Electoral College,” CBS News, November 20, 2000,
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/11/10/politics/printable248645.shtml.
N: Portland Press Herald, “Electoral Law
Change Decision is Due Today,” March
25, 1969.
N (subsequent): Portland Press Herald, “Electoral Law
Change.”
N: United Press
International, “Maine Electoral College Law is Unique in Nation,” Portland Evening Express, March 26,
1969.
N: David Damron,
“Campaign 2000 Redux: A Landslide of Books Looks at the Election Deadlock,” Orlando Sentinel, December 9, 2001.
N: John Harwood,
“Fixing the System: Lessons from States Hold Hope for Reform,” Wall Street Journal, December 22, 2000.
N: Paul Hammell,
“Senators Move Electoral Bill,” Omaha
World-Herald, February 28, 1995.
N: Mara Liasson,
“Group Works to Weaken Electoral College Process,” National Public Radio, December 15, 2008,
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=98293164.
N: Editorial,
“Splitting State’s Electoral Votes a Matter of Election Fairness,” Journal Star (Lincoln, NE), March 10,
1997.
N: Editorial, Philadelphia Inquirer, July 30, 1990.
Legal: Constitution
For note
citations to U.S. and state constitutions, spell out “Constitution” and state
names (17.321)
Not needed in
bibliography (17.276, 17.294)
Use roman
numerals for Articles (Article III, Article IV, art. IV) (8.86)
In text, spell
out and capitalize amendments “Twenty-second Amendment,” Fourteenth Amendment”
(8.86, 17.289)
Do not capitalize
second part of hyphenated number if part of a name (e.g., Twenty-second
Amendment; Ninety-ninth Congress) (9.50–9.53)
In text, spell
out constitutional articles and sections and put in lower case, “article II,
section 1” (8.86, 9.32, 17.288)
In text,
capitalize “Article” (8.86, 17.289) but not “section”
In notes, use
abbreviated and lower-cased “amend.” “art.” “cl.” (17.289, 17.321)
In notes, use
“sec.”; do not use the symbol “§” (or
other legal symbols) (17.289, 17.321)
N: U.S.
Constitution, art. II, sec. 1, cl. 3.
N: U.S.
Constitution, amend. 14, sec. 2.
N: Arizona
Constitution, art. IV, sec. 7.
Legal: Court
Cases
Chicago, 17.283–87
Italicize case
name, including the “v.”; do not
italicize the volume publication details or year (17.283)
Omit periods
from abbreviated names (e.g., NLRB) (17.278)
Place full
citation, which includes the publication information and date, in notes
(17.283)
Not needed in
bibliography (17.276, 17.283, 17.294)
Omit publication
information when mentioning case in-text (e.g., Williams v. Virginia State Board of Elections (1968); Williams v. Virginia State Board of
Elections; Delaware v. New York)
U.S. Supreme
Court Decisions:
N: Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98 (2000)
N (subsequent): Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98
N: Reynolds
v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964)
Lower Federal
Court Decisions:
N: United States v. Dennis, 183 F. 201 (2d
Cir. 1950)
N: United States v.
Patterson, 55 F. 605 (1893).
N: Williams v. Virginia State Board of
Elections, 288 F. Supp. 622 (E.D. Va., 1968)
Legal:
Legislation, Acts, Bills, Resolutions (proposed) (17.309, also
see 17.302)
Not needed in
bibliography (17.276, 17.294)
Exclude “U.S.”;
“U.S. Congress” from the beginning of the citation (17.302, 17.304)
If used in a
bibliography, begin citation with “House” or “Senate” (drop “U.S.”; “U.S.
Congress”) (17.309)
In-text,
abbreviate bills or resolutions as HR, S, S Res.; Joint Resolutions as SJ Res.
HJ Res. (17.309)
N (In general,
if multiple sources were used, or just the bill text): SJ Res. 33, 77th Cong.,
1st sess. (January 31, 1941).
N (If
referencing Congressional Record
entry): SJ Res. 33, 77th Cong., 1st sess. (January 31, 1941), Congressional Record, 1941, Vol. 87,
index: 157, 760; pt. 15: 438–41.
Legal:
Legislation, Acts, Laws, Statutes (already passed into law) (17.310)
Not needed in
bibliography (17.276, 17.294)
N: Children’s Internet
Protection Act,
Public Law 106-554, U.S. Statutes at
Large 118 (2001): 64.
N: Help America Vote Act of 2002, Public
Law 107-252, U.S. Statutes at Large
116 (2002): 1666.
N:
Telecommunications Act of 1996,
Public Law 104-104, U.S. Statutes at
Large 110 (1996): 56.
Manuscript
Records
17.222–17.233
N: Personal and
Political Papers of Barry M. Goldwater. Series III, Legislative Files,
“Legislative, Bills Sponsored and Cosponsored: Election of the President and
Vice President S. J. Res. 12, 1969, 1970–1971,” 91st Congress, Unprocessed
Collection, Arizona Historical Foundation, Tempe, Arizona.
B: Goldwater,
Barry M. Personal and Political Papers. Unprocessed Collection. Arizona
Historical Foundation, Tempe, Arizona.
N: Karl E. Mundt
Papers, RG III Legislation, Cart 110, Box 602, Karl E. Mundt Archival Library,
Dakota State University, Madison, South Dakota.
N (subsequent): Mundt
Papers, RG III Legislation, Cart 110, Box 602.
B: Mundt, Karl
E. Papers. Papers. Karl E. Mundt Archival Library, Dakota State University,
Madison, South Dakota.
Paper Presented at a Meeting or Conference
17.215–17.216
Omit conference
meeting number, include city and state
N: Gary Bugh,
“Exploring Congressional Interest in Presidential Election Reform” (paper
presented at the annual meeting of the Northeastern Political Science
Association, Boston, MA, November 13–15, 2008).
B: Bugh, Gary.
“Exploring Congressional Interest in Presidential Election Reform.” Paper
presented at the annual meeting of the Northeastern Political Science
Association, Boston, MA, November 13–15, 2008.
N: Mark J.
McKenzie, “Entering the Citizens’ Debate on Electoral College Reform: Only the
Brightest Need Apply?” (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern
Political Science Association, Savannah, GA, November 7–9, 2002), 17, 27.
B: McKenzie, Mark
J. “Entering the Citizens’ Debate on Electoral College Reform: Only the
Brightest Need Apply?” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern
Political Science Association, Savannah, GA, November 7–9, 2002.
Reports, Policy
Briefs
See
17.356
N: Election
Reform Information Project, “What’s Changed, What Hasn’t, and Why: Election
Reform since November 2000,” electionline.org, Washington, DC (October 22, 2001),
5, http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/uploadedFiles/2001AnnualReport.pdf.
B: Election
Reform Information Project. “What’s Changed, What Hasn’t, and Why: Election
Reform Since November 2000.” Electionline.org. Washington, DC (October 22, 2001).
http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/uploadedFiles/2001AnnualReport.pdf.
N: Thomas E.
Mann, “An Agenda for Election Reform,” Policy
Brief No. 82, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC (June 2001), 2,
http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2001/06elections_mann.aspx.
B: Mann, Thomas
E. “An Agenda for Election Reform.” Policy
Brief No. 82. Brookings Institution, Washington, DC (June 2001).
http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2001/06elections_mann.aspx.
N: Thomas H.
Neale, “The Electoral
College: Reform Proposals in the 108th Congress,” CRS Report for Congress RL32612, Congressional Research Service, Library of
Congress, Washington, DC (June 30, 2005), 1–2,
http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL32612_20050630.pdf.
B: Neale, Thomas
H. “The Electoral College:
Reform Proposals in the 108th Congress.” CRS Report for Congress RL32612. Congressional Research Service, Library of
Congress, Washington, DC (June 30, 2005). http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL32612_20050630.pdf.
N: L. Paige
Whitaker and Thomas H. Neale, “The Electoral College: An Overview and Analysis
of Reform Proposals,” CRS Report for
Congress RL30804,
Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington, DC
(November 5, 2004), i, 18–24,
http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/38002.pdf.
B: Whitaker, L.
Paige, and Thomas H. Neale. “The Electoral College: An Overview and Analysis of
Reform Proposals.” CRS Report for
Congress RL30804.
Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, Washington, DC
(November 5, 2004). http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/38002.pdf.
Web / Internet: Articles
(See
17.4–17.15, 17.187, 17.198, 17.234–17.237)
Include
delivery protocol – http:// or ftp:// (17.9)
Never
capitalize http, even if it follows a period (17.10)
Do
not use “at” or “available at” (17.12, 17.181, 17.187, 17.356)
Do
not use access dates (17.12, 17.187)
No
Wikipedia citations
If
no author, use corporate author (17.237) (like newspaper & magazine
citations, 17.192)
Blogs
and emails are not listed in bibliography (17.236)
N: Center for Education in Law and
Democracy, “Selection of Presidential Electors,” September 13, 2004,
http://www.lawanddemocracy.org/pdffiles/amend36blue.pdf.
B: Center for
Education in Law and Democracy. “Selection of Presidential Electors.” September
13, 2004. http://www.lawanddemocracy.org/pdffiles/amend36blue.pdf.
N: Election Reform Information Project,
“What’s Changed, What Hasn’t, and Why: Election Reform since November 2000,” electionline.org, Washington, DC (October 22, 2001),
5, http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/uploadedFiles/2001AnnualReport.pdf.
B: Election
Reform Information Project. “What’s Changed, What Hasn’t, and Why: Election
Reform since November 2000.” Electionline.org,Washington, DC, October 22, 2001.
http://www.pewcenteronthestates.org/uploadedFiles/2001AnnualReport.pdf.
N: Todd Gaziano and Tara Ross, “How to
Make Your Vote Not Count,” Ashbrook Center
for Public Affairs at Ashland University, October 2004, http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/guest/04/gaziano/colorado.html
B: Gaziano, Todd, and Tara Ross. “How to Make Your Vote Not
Count.” Ashbrook Center for Public
Affairs at Ashland University, October 2004. http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/guest/04/gaziano/colorado.html.
N: Daniel
Seligson, “Electoral College Reform Falls Flat,” Stateline.org, March 28, 2001,
http://www.stateline.org/live/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=136&languageId=1&contentId=14306.
B: Seligson,
Daniel. “Electoral College Reform Falls Flat.” Stateline.org, March 28, 2001.
http://www.stateline.org/live/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=136&languageId=1&contentId=14306.
Web / Internet:
Websites & Resources
(These
are not internet articles; also see 17.239)
Include
delivery protocol – http:// or ftp:// (17.9)
Never
capitalize http, even if it follows a period (17.10)
Do
not use “at” or “available at” (17.12, 17.181, 17.187, 17.356)
Do
not use access dates (17.187)
If
no author, use corporate author (17.237) (Like newspaper & magazine
citations 17.192)
N: Clark H. Bensen, Polidata,
http://www.polidata.org.
B: Bensen, Clark H. Polidata.
http://www.polidata.org.
N:
FairVote, http://www.fairvote.org.
B:
FairVote. http://www.fairvote.org.
N: Library of
Congress, “Bills, Resolutions,” Thomas,
http://thomas.loc.gov/home/bills_res.html.
B: Library of
Congress. “Bills, Resolutions.” Thomas.
http://thomas.loc.gov/home/bills_res.html.
N: Dave Leip,
“Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections,” http://www.uselectionatlas.org.
B:
Leip, Dave. “Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.”
http://www.uselectionatlas.org.
N: National
Archives and Records Administration, “U.S. Electoral College: 2000 Presidential
Election,”
http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/votes/2000.html.
B: National
Archives and Records Administration. “U.S. Electoral College: 2000 Presidential
Election.” http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/votes/2000.html.
N: National Archives and Records
Administration, “U.S. Electoral College: Frequently Asked Questions,” http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/faq.html.
B: National
Archives and Records Administration. “U.S. Electoral College: Frequently Asked
Questions.” http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/faq.html.
Web / Internet: E-mails, Blogs
Blogs
and emails are not listed in bibliography (17.236)
N: Erick
Erickson, “North Carolina Stops Short of Electoral College Reform,” Red State Blog, 2008,
http://archive.redstate.com/stories/elections/2008/north_carolina_stops_short_of_electoral_college_reform.
N: J. Gerald
Hebert and Jesse Grauman, “Electoral College ‘Reforms’ Deserve a Failing
Grade,” Campaign Legal Center Blog,
August 17, 2007, http://www.clcblog.org/blog_item-157.html
N: John Powell,
e-mail to Grapevine mailing list, April 23, 1988,
http//www.electroniceditions.net/grapevine/issues/83.txt.
N (if not
archived): John Powell, e-mail to Grapevine mailing list, April 23, 1988.